Navigation
Dr. Udai Bhan Singh
Name: Dr. Udai B. Singh Designation: Scientist Sr. Scale (Plant Pathology) Professional Experience:10 Year research experience in the area of Plant Microbe Interaction, Biological Control, Decomposition of Agro-waste, Bio-Phyto-remediation of HM, and Microbe-Mediated Enhancement of Nutrient Use Efficiency. |
Research Interest:
- Molecular and Biochemical basis of recognition pattern in phytopathogen-host plant interactions and Systemic Resistance in Plant
- Bioremediation, Phyto-remediation, Biodegradation and Decontamination of pollutants for saving the Precious Natural Resources i.e. Soil and Environment.
- Development of microbe-based technologies for eco-friendly and sustainable agriculture.
- Equipping the farmers with microbe-based techniques to ensure sustainable crop production
- Opening avenues for microbe-based techniques and ensuring natural and sustainable way of stress management in plants
Contact Details:
ICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Kushmaur, Maunath Bhanjan, 275103, Uttar Pradesh (India)
Phone- 0547-2530358, 0547-2530080,
Fax-0547-2530381, Mobile- +91-9450347358, +91-9559931327
E-mail- nbaimudai@gmail.com, udaiars.nbaim@gmail.com
Significant recognition (Awards/Fellowships/ Technologies transferred/ Patents etc.):
Fellowships
1. U.P. Mandi Scholarship for B.Sc. : 2001
2. U.P. General Scholarship for M.Sc. : 2005
3. UGC/BHU fellowship for Ph.D. Program : 2007
4. Senior Research Fellowship of ICAR : 2008
5. IARI fellowship for Ph.D. Program : 2008
Awards
- DST Young Scientist Award : 2012 (under Fast Track Program, DST)
- Fellow Society for Applied Biotechnology : 2013 (Also a Life member of the society)
- Shri Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi Krishi Patrika Puraskar-2014 : 2015 by ICAR, New Delhi
- Young Scientist Award: 2019 by Royal Association for Science-Led Socio-Cultural Advancement, New Delhi
- K.P.V. Menon Best Poster Award for the Year 2018 by Indian Phytopathological Society, New Delhi
- Prof. K.S. Bilgrami Best Poster Presentation Award for the Year 2018 by Indian Society of Mycology & Plant Pathology, Udaipur
- Best Poster Presentation Award:8 (in the International & National Conference)
- Best Oral Presentation Award: 6(in the International & National Conferences)
Medals
1. Awarded Medal for obtaining highest marks in B. Sc. (Ag.): 2005
2. Awarded B.H.U. Gold Medal for standing first in M. Sc. (Ag.): 2007
3. Awarded Prof. U. P. Singh Gold Medal for obtaining highest marks in M. Sc. (Ag.): 2007
Copyright Granted
Renu, Udai B. Singh, HillolChakdar, Arjun Singh, Manish Roy as co-authors and Director ICAR-NBAIM as applicant. Microbial Genetic Resource Portal (www.mgrportal.org.in). Copyright reference No. 11720/2016-CO/L, New Delhi (India).
Membership of Societies:
Fellow Society for Applied Biotechnology
Life member of Society for Applied Biotechnology
Life member of Indian Phyopathological Society (IPS)
Indian Society of Mycology & Plant Pathology, Udaipur
Royal Association for Science-led Socio-cultural Advancement (RASSA), New Delhi
Technology Developed
- Carrier-based bioformulation: 04- Eco-Pesticide: Talc based bioformulation of Pseudomonas fluorescens; Eco-Green Fungicide: Vermi-based bioformulation of Trichoderma viride; Green Fungicide: Talc based bioformulation of Trichoderma harzianum, Bio Pulse: Talc based bioformulation of Trichoderma harzianum and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens
- Liquid based bioformulations: 02- Vardan-1: Liquid based bioformulation of 3 species of Bacillus, Trishool: Liquid based bioformulation of Pseudomonas fluorescens
- Delivery system developed: 02
- Prototype developed: A small bio-reactor has been designed in collaboration with CIAE, IISS and NBAIM to accelerate decomposition process and evaluated for agricultural waste, vegetable waste and municipal solid waste. Developing team: HL Kushwaha and VK Bhargav from ICAR-CIAE; Asha Sahu, JK Thakur, MC Manna from ICAR-IISS, Udai B. Singh fromICAR-NBAIM
- On-farm mass production technology of Nematode Trapping Fungi
- Modified liquid dual culture methodology for screening of bacterial endophytes against fungal pathogens
- Methodology for enhancing virulence of Ralstonia solanacearum: A potential plant pathogens causing wilt diseases in Solanaceous crops
- Novel media for mass multiplication of bioinoculants
- Novel media for mass multiplication of Pseudomonas fluorescens.
- Novel media for mass multiplication of Bacillus spp. and other G+ve bacteria.
- Novel media for mass multiplication of Trichoderma spp.
- Tricho-AD: an additive for bio-agent treatment
On-going projects:
Externally Funded
- Development of research modules and pipelines for commercialization and regulatory requirements concerning bio-pesticides, as Principal Investigator, Funding agency: AMAAS sub-project, ICAR, New Delhi
Institutional Funded
- Unravelling the microbe-mediated mechanisms of plant defense against Rhizoctonia solani causing banded leaf and sheath blight disease in maize (Zea Mays L.)As PI, Funded by ICAR, New Delhi
- Development of bioformulation for management of wilt and collar rot of chickpea, as Co-Principal Investigator, Funding agency: ICAR, New Delhi
- Development of comprehensive web-based system for agriculturally important microbes, as Co-Principal Investigator, Funding agency: ICAR, New Delhi
- Consortium of endophytic and rhizospheric bacteria for alleviation f salinity stress in tomato, as Co-Principal Investigator, Funding agency: ICAR, New Delhi
- Cooperative or competitive colonization of AM fungi and Trichoderma for alleviation of biotic stress in maize, as Co-Principal Investigator, Funding agency: ICAR, New Delhi
Development of IT based portal/database/software
- Microbial Genetic Resource Portal (www.mgrportal.org.in)
- SSR Database of Fusarium
- Micro Veda- An Encyclopaedia of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms
- AIMDb: Database for Agriculturally Important Microorganisms
- CDb : Database for Plant Diseases
Publications (no.)
- Research papers: 25; Reviews: 02; Books: 02; Book Chapters: 12
- Popular articles: >30
- Others:
- Training Manuals –05
- Technical Bulletin and Brochure –03
- Chapters in Training Manuals >40
- Abstracts >70
List of publications:
- Udai B. Singh, R.K. Singh, J.S. Srivastava (2006) Prevalence of nematophagous fungi in the rhizospheric soil in some districts of Uttar Pradesh. Indian Journal of Plant Pathology 24 (1/2), 43-45.
- Udai B. Singh, et al., (2012) Evaluation of biocontrol potential of Arthrobotrys oligospora against Meloidogyne graminicola and Rhizoctonia solani in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Biological Control. 60:262–270. IF: 2.607, NAAS Rating: 8.607.
- Udai B. Singh, et al., (2012) Co-inoculation of Dactylaria brochopaga and Monacrosporium eudermatum affects disease dynamics and biochemical responses in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) to enhance bio-protection against Meloidogyne incognita. Crop Protection. 35:102-109. IF: 2.172, NAAS Rating: 8.172.
- Udai B. Singh, et al., (2012). Arthrobotrys oligospora mediated induced systemic resistance and biochemical responses in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) affects disease dynamics and enhance bio-protection against Meloidogyne incognita and Rhizoctonia solani. Journal of Applied Microbiology 114:196-208. IF: 2.683, NAAS Rating: 8.683.
- Udai B. Singh, et al., (2013) Can endophytic Arthrobotrys oligospora modulate accumulation of defence related biomolecules and induced systemic resistance in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) against root knot disease caused by Meloidogyne incognita. Applied Soil Ecology 63:45-56. IF: 3.445, NAAS Rating: 9.445.
- Udai B. Singh, et al., (2013). Nematophagous fungi: Catenaria anguillulae and Dactylaria brochopaga from seed galls as potential biocontrol agents of Anguina tritici and Meloidogyne graminicola in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Biological Control 67 (2013) 475–482. IF: 2.607, NAAS Rating: 8.607
- Nisha Sahu, P. Raha, A. Sahu, Udai B. Singh (2014) Effect of Organophosphorus Pesticides on Enzyme Activities in Alluvial Soil (Typic Ustochrepts). Nature Environment and Pollution Technology 13 (4), 775-780. NAAS Rating: 3.85.
- Nisha Sahu, P. Raha, Asha Sahu, Udai B. Singh (2014) Effect of Acephate on Respiration, Microbial Biomass and Fluorescein Diacetate-Hydrolysing Activity in Alluvial Soil. Pollution Research 33 (4), 131-134. NAAS Rating: 4.97
- Ruchita Dixit, Deepti Malaviya, Kuppusamy Pandiyan, Udai B Singh, Asha Sahu, Renu Shukla, Bhanu P Singh, Jai P Rai, Pawan Kumar Sharma, Harshad Lade, Diby Paul (2015) Bioremediation of Heavy Metals from Soil and Aquatic Environment: An Overview of Principles and Criteria of Fundamental Processes. Sustainability 7 (2), 2189-2212. IF: 2.592, NAAS Rating: 8.592.
- Bishnu Maya Bashyal, Rashmi Aggarwal, Sapna Sharma, Sangeeta Gupta and, Udai B. Singh (2016) Single and combined effects of three Fusarium species associated with rice seeds on the severity of bakanae disease of rice. Journal of Plant Pathology 98, 1-12. IF: 0.818, NAAS Rating: 6.818.
- Udai B. Singh, et al., 2016. Bio-protective microbial agents from rhizosphere eco-systems triggering plant defense responses provide protection against sheath blight disease in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Microbiological Research 192, 300-312. IF: 3.701, NAAS Rating: 9.701.
- Udai B. Singh, et al., 2016. Compatible salt-tolerant rhizosphere microbe-mediated induction of phenylpropanoid cascade and induced systemic responses against Bipolaris sorokiniana (Sacc.) Shoemaker causing spot blotch disease in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Applied Soil Ecology 108, 300-306. IF: 3.445, NAAS Rating: 9.445
- Renu, Pramod K. Sahu, Upasana Sahu, Manish S. Bhoyar, Munish Kumar, Udai B. Singh, R.K. Pathak (2016). Ecological success of compatible microbes in consortia isolated from rice rhizosphere for growth and yield of mung bean (Vigna radiata L.). Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology 10(4), 3231-3239.
- Renu, Manish S Bhoyar, Udai B. Singh, Upasana Sahu, Dipak T Nagrale, Pramod K. Sahu (2017) Characterization of lytic bacteriophage Xcc9SH3 infecting Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris. Journal of Plant Pathology 99(1):47-60. IF: 0.818, NAAS Rating: 6.818
- Udai B. Singh, Shailendra Singh, Deepti Malviya, Rajan Chaurasia, Mohd. Imran, Jai P. Rai, Arun K. Sharma (2017). Harnessing biocontrol potential of Trichoderma harzianum for control of Meloidogyne incognita in tomato. Indian Phytopathology 70 (3), 331-335. NAAS Rating: 5.90.
- Sushil K. Sharma, Sandeep Saini, Ankita Verma, Pawan K. Sharma, Rup Lal, Manish Roy, Udai B. Singh, Anil K. Saxena, Arun K. Sharma (2017). National Agriculturally Important Microbial Culture Collection in the Global Context of Microbial Culture Collection Centres. Proceedings National Academy of Science, India, Section-B Biological Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40011-017-0882-8.
- Udai B. Singh, Deepti Malviya, Wasiullah Khan, Shailendra Singh, N. Karthikeyan, Mohd. Imran, Jai P. Rai, B. K. Sarma, M. C. Manna, Rajan Chaurasia, Arun K. Sharma, Diby Paul, Jae-Wook Oh (2018). Earthworm Grazed-Trichoderma harzianum Biofortified Spent Mushroom Substrates Modulate Accumulation of Natural Antioxidants and Bio-Fortification of Mineral Nutrients in Tomato. Frontiers in Plant Science 9:1017. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01017. IF: 4.106, NAAS Rating: 10.106
- Sunil Kumara, Khurshid Ahmad, Gitanjali Tandon, Udai B. Singh, Yachana Jha, Dipak T. Nagrale, Mahender Kumar Singh, Khyati Girdhar, Prosenjit Mondal (2018) Novel insight into the molecular interaction of catalase and sucrose: A combination of in silico and in planta assays study. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 151, 258–263. IF: 3.171, NAAS Rating: 8.43.
- Karthikeyan, N., Pandiyan, K., Sahu, P.K., Srinivasan, R. and Udai B. Singh (2018). Actinomycetes: a promising Tool for Plant Growth Promotion and Disease Control. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci. 7(07): xx-xx. doi: 10.20546/ijcmas.2018.707.xx
- Udai B. Singh, S. Singh, D. Malviya, N. Karthikeyan, Mohd. Imran, R. Chaurasia, M. Alam, P. Singh, B. K. Sarma, Jai P. Rai, T. Damodaran, J.K. Tripathi, Sunil Kumar, A.K. Sharma (2019). Integration of anti-penetrant tricyclazole, signaling molecule salicylic acid and root associated Pseudomonas fluorescens enhances suppression of Bipolaris sorokiniana in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Journal of Plant Pathology. Doi: 10.1007/s42161-019-00296-5. IF: 0.818, NAAS Rating: 6.818
- Asha Sahu, M.C. Manna, Sudeshna Bhattacharjya, J.K. Thakur, A. Mandal, Mohammad Mahmudur Rahman, Udai B. Singh, V.K. Bhargav, S. Srivastava, A.K. Patra, S.K. Chaudhari, S.S. Khanna (2019). Thermophilic Lingo-Cellulolytic Fungi: The future of efficient and rapid bio-waste management. Journal of Environmental Management 244, 144–153. IF: 4.865, NAAS Rating: 10.865
- Udai B. Singh, S. Singh, W. Khan, Deepti Malviya, Pramod K. Sahu, Rajan Chaurasia, Sushil K. Sharma, A. K. Saxena (2019). Drechslerella dactyloides and Dactylaria brochopaga mediated induction of defense related mediator molecules in tomato plants pre-challenged with Meloidogyne incognita. Indian Phytopathology. Doi: 10.1007/s42360-019-00132-x. NAAS Rating: 5.90
- Sunil Kumar, Budheswar Dehury, Gitanjali Tandon, Sarika Jaiswal, Mir Asif Iquebal, Khurshid Ahmad, Dipak T. Nagrale, Udai B. Singh, Yachana Jha, Mahender Kumar Singh, Arjun Singh, Anil Rai, B. Paital, Dinesh Kumar (2019) An insight into molecular interaction of PGIP with PG of banana cultivar. Frontiers in Biosciences: Landmark 25, 335-362. IF: 2.4.
- Pramod Kumar Sahu, Shailendra Singh, Amrita Gupta, Udai B. Singh, G.P. Brahmaprakash, Anil K. Saxena (2019) Antagonistic potential of bacterial endophytes and induction of systemic resistance against collar rot pathogen Sclerotium rolfsii in tomato. Biological Control 143, 104-114. IF: 2.607, NAAS Rating: 8.607.
- Udai B. Singh, Deepti Malviya, Shailendra Singh, Manoj Kumar, Pramod Kumar Sahu, H. V. Singh, Sunil Kumar, Manish Roy, Mohd. Imran, Jai P. Rai, Arun K. Sharma and Anil K. Saxena (2019). Trichoderma harzianum– and methyl jasmonate-induced resistance to Bipolaris sorokiniana through enhanced phenylpropanoid activities in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Frontiers in Microbiology 10:1697. IF: 4.256, NAAS Rating: 10.256.
- Shailendra Singh, Udai B. Singh, Mala Trivedi, Pramod K. Sahu, Surinder Paul, Diby Paul, Anil K. Saxena (2020) Seed Biopriming with Salt-Tolerant Endophytic Pseudomonas geniculata-Modulated Biochemical Responses Provides Ecological Fitness in Maize (Zea mays L.) Grown in Saline Sodic Soil. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, 253. IF: 2.468, NAAS Rating: 8.468.
- M.C. Manna, Asha Sahu, Nirmal De, J.K. Thakur, Asit Mandal, Sudeshna Bhattacharjya, Avijit Ghosh, M.M. Rahman, Ravi Naidu, Udai B. Singh, Raja Dakhli, M.P. Sharma, Sukanya Misra (2020). Novel bio-filtration method for the removal of heavy metals from municipal solid waste. Environmental Technology and Innovation (Accepted). IF: 2.80, NAAS Rating: 8.80.
- Udai B. Singh et al. (2020). Drechslerella dactyloides and Dactylaria brochopaga mediated structural defense in tomato plants pre-challenged with Meloidogyne incognita. Biological Control (Accepted). IF: 2.60, NAAS Rating: 8.60.
Research Interest:
- Establishment of microbe-mediated stress responsive metabolomic platform in wheat rice, tomato and other crops.
- Molecular and Biochemical basis of recognition pattern in phytopathogen-host plant interactions and Systemic Resistance in Plant.
- Bioremediation, Phyto-remediation, Biodegradation and Decontamination of pollutants for saving the Precious Natural Resources i.e. Soil and Environment.
- Development of microbe-based eco-friendly, sustainable and natural techniques.
- Equipping the farmers with these techniques to ensure sustainable crop production.
- Opening avenues for life saving techniques and ensuring natural and sustainable way of stress management in plants
Contact Details:
ICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Kushmaur, Maunath Bhanjan, 275103, Uttar Pradesh (India)
Phone- 0547-2530358, 0547-2530080,
Fax-0547-2530381, Mobile- +91-9450347358,
E-mail- udaiars.nbaim@gmail.com, nbaimudai@gmail.com
Significant recognition (Awards/Fellowships/ Technologies transferred/ Patents etc.):
Fellowships
1. U.P. Mandi Scholarship for B.Sc. : 2001
2. U.P. General Scholarship for M.Sc. : 2005
3. UGC/BHU fellowship for Ph.D. Program : 2007
4. Senior Research Fellowship of ICAR : 2008
5. IARI fellowship for Ph.D. Program : 2009
Awards
- DST Young Scientist Award : 2012 (under Fast Track Program, DST)
- Fellow Society for Applied Biotechnology : 2013 (Also a Life member of the society)
- Shri Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi Krishi Patrika Puraskar-2014 : 2015 by ICAR, New Delhi
Medals
1. Awarded Medal for obtaining highest marks in B. Sc. (Ag.): 2005
2. Awarded B.H.U. Gold Medal for standing first in M. Sc. (Ag.): 2007
3. Awarded Prof. U. P. Singh Gold Medal for obtaining highest marks in M. Sc. (Ag.): 2007
Membership of Societies:
· Fellow Society for Applied Biotechnology Since 2013.
· Life member of Indian Phyopathological Society (IPS) Since 2014
· Life member of Society for Applied Biotechnology Since 2013.
Technology Developed
1. Carrier-based bioformulation: 05- Eco-Pesticide: Talc based bioformulation of Pseudomonas fluorescens; Eco-Green Fungicide: Vermi-based bioformulation of Trichoderma viride; Green Fungicide: Talc based bioformulation of Trichoderma harzianum, Bio Pulse: Talc based bioformulation of Trichoderma harzianum and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens
2. Delivery system developed: 02
3. Prototype developed: A small bio-reactor has been designed in collaboration with CIAE, IISS and NBAIM to accelerate decomposition process and evaluated for agricultural waste, vegetable waste and municipal solid waste.
Developing team:
- HL Kushwaha and VK Bhargav, ICAR-CIAE
- Asha Sahu, JK Thakur, MC Manna, ICAR-IISS
- Udai B. Singh, ICAR-NBAIM
4. On-farm mass production technology of Nematode Trapping Fungi
On-going projects:
Externally Funded
· Development of eco-friendly and cost effective mass production technology of biocontrol agent for resource poor farmers As Co-PI, funded by UP-CST, Cost: 12.56 Lakhs, Duration: 3 years (2015-2018)
· Equiping farmers with microbial bioconversion technologies for rural livelihood security through low-cost farm-input production. As Co-PI, funded by RKVY, Cost: 95.00 Lakhs, Duration: 4 years (2014-2018)
· Bio-Prospecting of Microbes from Different Agro-Ecological Niches for Promotion of Low-Input Green Technology for Sustainable and Organic Farming in Eco- Agriculture. A collaborative project: Lead centre: NBAIM, Mau, Collaborative centre: CSAUAT, Kanpur. As Co-PI, funded by UPCAR, Cost: 30.00 Lakhs, Duration: 3 years (2015-2018)
Institutional Funded
· Unravelling the microbe-mediated mechanisms of plant defense against Rhizoctonia solani causing banded leaf and sheath blight disease in maize (Zea Mays L.)As PI, Funded by ICAR, Duration: 5 Year, Cost: ~45 Lakh
Publications (no.)
· Research papers: 20; Reviews: 02; Books: 02; Book Chapters: 12
· Popular articles: >30
· Others:
· Training Manuals –03
· Technical Bulletin and Brochure –03
· Chapters in Training Manuals >30
· Abstracts –65
List of publications (Best 10 publications):
1. Singh Udai B., et al., (2012) Evaluation of biocontrol potential of Arthrobotrys oligospora against Meloidogyne graminicola and Rhizoctonia solani in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Biological Control. 60:262–270.
2. Singh Udai B., et al., (2012) Co-inoculation of Dactylaria brochopaga and Monacrosporium eudermatum affects disease dynamics and biochemical responses in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) to enhance bio-protection against Meloidogyne incognita. Crop Protection. 35:102-109.
3. Singh Udai B., et al., (2012). Arthrobotrys oligospora mediated induced systemic resistance and biochemical responses in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) affects disease dynamics and enhance bio-protection against Meloidogyne incognita and Rhizoctonia solani. Journal of Applied Microbiology 114:196-208.
4. Singh Udai B., et al., (2013) Can endophytic Arthrobotrys oligospora modulate accumulation of defence related biomolecules and induced systemic resistance in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) against root knot disease caused by Meloidogyne incognita. Applied Soil Ecology 63:45-56.
5. Singh Udai B., et al., (2013). Nematophagous fungi: Catenaria anguillulae and Dactylaria brochopaga from seed galls as potential biocontrol agents of Anguina tritici and Meloidogyne graminicola in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Biological Control 67 (2013) 475–482.
6. Ruchita Dixit, Deepti Malaviya, Kuppusamy Pandiyan, Udai B Singh, Asha Sahu, Renu Shukla, Bhanu P Singh, Jai P Rai, Pawan Kumar Sharma, Harshad Lade, Diby Paul (2015) Bioremediation of Heavy Metals from Soil and Aquatic Environment: An Overview of Principles and Criteria of Fundamental Processes. Sustainability 7 (2), 2189-2212.
7. Bishnu Maya Bashyal, Rashmi Aggarwal, Sapna Sharma, Sangeeta Guptaand Udai Bhan Singh (2016) Single and combined effects of three Fusarium species associated with rice seeds on the severity of bakanae disease of rice. Journal of Plant Pathology 98, 1-12.
8. Singh et al., 2016. Bio-protective microbial agents from rhizosphere eco-systems triggering plant defense responses provide protection against sheath blight disease in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Microbiological Research 192, 300-312.
9. Singh et al., 2016. Compatible salt-tolerant rhizosphere microbe-mediated induction of phenylpropanoid cascade and induced systemic responses against Bipolaris sorokiniana (Sacc.) Shoemaker causing spot blotch disease in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Applied Soil Ecology 108, 300-306.
10. Renu, Manish S Bhoyar, Udai B. Singh, Upasana Sahu, Dipak T Nagrale, Pramod K. Sahu (2017) Characterization of lytic bacteriophage Xcc9SH3 infecting Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris. Journal of Plant Pathology 99(1), 233-238.